29 files changed, 839 insertions, 156 deletions

diff --git a/block.c b/block.c
index 6cd39fa146..c77cfd16c7 100644
--- a/block.c
+++ b/block.c
@@ -970,6 +970,7 @@ int bdrv_open(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *filename, QDict *options,
     char tmp_filename[PATH_MAX + 1];
     BlockDriverState *file = NULL;
     QDict *file_options = NULL;
+    const char *drvname;
 
     /* NULL means an empty set of options */
     if (options == NULL) {
@@ -1059,6 +1060,12 @@ int bdrv_open(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *filename, QDict *options,
     }
 
     /* Find the right image format driver */
+    drvname = qdict_get_try_str(options, "driver");
+    if (drvname) {
+        drv = bdrv_find_whitelisted_format(drvname, !(flags & BDRV_O_RDWR));
+        qdict_del(options, "driver");
+    }
+
     if (!drv) {
         ret = find_image_format(file, filename, &drv);
     }
diff --git a/block/backup.c b/block/backup.c
index 16105d40b1..6ae8a05a3e 100644
--- a/block/backup.c
+++ b/block/backup.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ typedef struct CowRequest {
 typedef struct BackupBlockJob {
     BlockJob common;
     BlockDriverState *target;
+    MirrorSyncMode sync_mode;
     RateLimit limit;
     BlockdevOnError on_source_error;
     BlockdevOnError on_target_error;
@@ -247,40 +248,83 @@ static void coroutine_fn backup_run(void *opaque)
 
     bdrv_add_before_write_notifier(bs, &before_write);
 
-    for (; start < end; start++) {
-        bool error_is_read;
-
-        if (block_job_is_cancelled(&job->common)) {
-            break;
+    if (job->sync_mode == MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_NONE) {
+        while (!block_job_is_cancelled(&job->common)) {
+            /* Yield until the job is cancelled.  We just let our before_write
+             * notify callback service CoW requests. */
+            job->common.busy = false;
+            qemu_coroutine_yield();
+            job->common.busy = true;
         }
+    } else {
+        /* Both FULL and TOP SYNC_MODE's require copying.. */
+        for (; start < end; start++) {
+            bool error_is_read;
 
-        /* we need to yield so that qemu_aio_flush() returns.
-         * (without, VM does not reboot)
-         */
-        if (job->common.speed) {
-            uint64_t delay_ns = ratelimit_calculate_delay(
-                &job->limit, job->sectors_read);
-            job->sectors_read = 0;
-            block_job_sleep_ns(&job->common, rt_clock, delay_ns);
-        } else {
-            block_job_sleep_ns(&job->common, rt_clock, 0);
-        }
+            if (block_job_is_cancelled(&job->common)) {
+                break;
+            }
 
-        if (block_job_is_cancelled(&job->common)) {
-            break;
-        }
+            /* we need to yield so that qemu_aio_flush() returns.
+             * (without, VM does not reboot)
+             */
+            if (job->common.speed) {
+                uint64_t delay_ns = ratelimit_calculate_delay(
+                        &job->limit, job->sectors_read);
+                job->sectors_read = 0;
+                block_job_sleep_ns(&job->common, rt_clock, delay_ns);
+            } else {
+                block_job_sleep_ns(&job->common, rt_clock, 0);
+            }
 
-        ret = backup_do_cow(bs, start * BACKUP_SECTORS_PER_CLUSTER,
-                            BACKUP_SECTORS_PER_CLUSTER, &error_is_read);
-        if (ret < 0) {
-            /* Depending on error action, fail now or retry cluster */
-            BlockErrorAction action =
-                backup_error_action(job, error_is_read, -ret);
-            if (action == BDRV_ACTION_REPORT) {
+            if (block_job_is_cancelled(&job->common)) {
                 break;
-            } else {
-                start--;
-                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (job->sync_mode == MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_TOP) {
+                int i, n;
+                int alloced = 0;
+
+                /* Check to see if these blocks are already in the
+                 * backing file. */
+
+                for (i = 0; i < BACKUP_SECTORS_PER_CLUSTER;) {
+                    /* bdrv_co_is_allocated() only returns true/false based
+                     * on the first set of sectors it comes accross that
+                     * are are all in the same state.
+                     * For that reason we must verify each sector in the
+                     * backup cluster length.  We end up copying more than
+                     * needed but at some point that is always the case. */
+                    alloced =
+                        bdrv_co_is_allocated(bs,
+                                start * BACKUP_SECTORS_PER_CLUSTER + i,
+                                BACKUP_SECTORS_PER_CLUSTER - i, &n);
+                    i += n;
+
+                    if (alloced == 1) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /* If the above loop never found any sectors that are in
+                 * the topmost image, skip this backup. */
+                if (alloced == 0) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            /* FULL sync mode we copy the whole drive. */
+            ret = backup_do_cow(bs, start * BACKUP_SECTORS_PER_CLUSTER,
+                    BACKUP_SECTORS_PER_CLUSTER, &error_is_read);
+            if (ret < 0) {
+                /* Depending on error action, fail now or retry cluster */
+                BlockErrorAction action =
+                    backup_error_action(job, error_is_read, -ret);
+                if (action == BDRV_ACTION_REPORT) {
+                    break;
+                } else {
+                    start--;
+                    continue;
+                }
             }
         }
     }
@@ -300,7 +344,7 @@ static void coroutine_fn backup_run(void *opaque)
 }
 
 void backup_start(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *target,
-                  int64_t speed,
+                  int64_t speed, MirrorSyncMode sync_mode,
                   BlockdevOnError on_source_error,
                   BlockdevOnError on_target_error,
                   BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque,
@@ -335,6 +379,7 @@ void backup_start(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *target,
     job->on_source_error = on_source_error;
     job->on_target_error = on_target_error;
     job->target = target;
+    job->sync_mode = sync_mode;
     job->common.len = len;
     job->common.co = qemu_coroutine_create(backup_run);
     qemu_coroutine_enter(job->common.co, job);
diff --git a/block/qcow2.c b/block/qcow2.c
index 0eceefe2cd..3376901bd7 100644
--- a/block/qcow2.c
+++ b/block/qcow2.c
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ static QemuOptsList qcow2_runtime_opts = {
     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qcow2_runtime_opts.head),
     .desc = {
         {
-            .name = "lazy_refcounts",
+            .name = QCOW2_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS,
             .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
             .help = "Postpone refcount updates",
         },
diff --git a/block/qcow2.h b/block/qcow2.h
index 3b2d5cda71..dba9771419 100644
--- a/block/qcow2.h
+++ b/block/qcow2.h
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@
 #define DEFAULT_CLUSTER_SIZE 65536
 
 
-#define QCOW2_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS "lazy_refcounts"
-#define QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_REQUEST "pass_discard_request"
-#define QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_SNAPSHOT "pass_discard_snapshot"
-#define QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_OTHER "pass_discard_other"
+#define QCOW2_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS "lazy-refcounts"
+#define QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_REQUEST "pass-discard-request"
+#define QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_SNAPSHOT "pass-discard-snapshot"
+#define QCOW2_OPT_DISCARD_OTHER "pass-discard-other"
 
 typedef struct QCowHeader {
     uint32_t magic;
diff --git a/blockdev.c b/blockdev.c
index c5abd65182..4534864802 100644
--- a/blockdev.c
+++ b/blockdev.c
@@ -312,7 +312,8 @@ static bool do_check_io_limits(BlockIOLimit *io_limits, Error **errp)
     return true;
 }
 
-DriveInfo *drive_init(QemuOpts *all_opts, BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
+static DriveInfo *blockdev_init(QemuOpts *all_opts,
+                                BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
 {
     const char *buf;
     const char *file = NULL;
@@ -322,7 +323,6 @@ DriveInfo *drive_init(QemuOpts *all_opts, BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
     enum { MEDIA_DISK, MEDIA_CDROM } media;
     int bus_id, unit_id;
     int cyls, heads, secs, translation;
-    BlockDriver *drv = NULL;
     int max_devs;
     int index;
     int ro = 0;
@@ -338,6 +338,7 @@ DriveInfo *drive_init(QemuOpts *all_opts, BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
     QemuOpts *opts;
     QDict *bs_opts;
     const char *id;
+    bool has_driver_specific_opts;
 
     translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_AUTO;
     media = MEDIA_DISK;
@@ -365,6 +366,8 @@ DriveInfo *drive_init(QemuOpts *all_opts, BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
         qdict_del(bs_opts, "id");
     }
 
+    has_driver_specific_opts = !!qdict_size(bs_opts);
+
     /* extract parameters */
     bus_id  = qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "bus", 0);
     unit_id = qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "unit", -1);
@@ -375,7 +378,7 @@ DriveInfo *drive_init(QemuOpts *all_opts, BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
     secs  = qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "secs", 0);
 
     snapshot = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "snapshot", 0);
-    ro = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "readonly", 0);
+    ro = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "read-only", 0);
     copy_on_read = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "copy-on-read", false);
 
     file = qemu_opt_get(opts, "file");
@@ -449,12 +452,15 @@ DriveInfo *drive_init(QemuOpts *all_opts, BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
         }
     }
 
-    bdrv_flags |= BDRV_O_CACHE_WB;
-    if ((buf = qemu_opt_get(opts, "cache")) != NULL) {
-        if (bdrv_parse_cache_flags(buf, &bdrv_flags) != 0) {
-            error_report("invalid cache option");
-            return NULL;
-        }
+    bdrv_flags = 0;
+    if (qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "cache.writeback", true)) {
+        bdrv_flags |= BDRV_O_CACHE_WB;
+    }
+    if (qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "cache.direct", false)) {
+        bdrv_flags |= BDRV_O_NOCACHE;
+    }
+    if (qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "cache.no-flush", true)) {
+        bdrv_flags |= BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH;
     }
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_LINUX_AIO
@@ -477,26 +483,23 @@ DriveInfo *drive_init(QemuOpts *all_opts, BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
             error_printf("\n");
             return NULL;
         }
-        drv = bdrv_find_whitelisted_format(buf, ro);
-        if (!drv) {
-            error_report("'%s' invalid format", buf);
-            return NULL;
-        }
+
+        qdict_put(bs_opts, "driver", qstring_from_str(buf));
     }
 
     /* disk I/O throttling */
     io_limits.bps[BLOCK_IO_LIMIT_TOTAL]  =
-                           qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "bps", 0);
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.bps-total", 0);
     io_limits.bps[BLOCK_IO_LIMIT_READ]   =
-                           qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "bps_rd", 0);
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.bps-read", 0);
     io_limits.bps[BLOCK_IO_LIMIT_WRITE]  =
-                           qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "bps_wr", 0);
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.bps-write", 0);
     io_limits.iops[BLOCK_IO_LIMIT_TOTAL] =
-                           qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "iops", 0);
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.iops-total", 0);
     io_limits.iops[BLOCK_IO_LIMIT_READ]  =
-                           qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "iops_rd", 0);
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.iops-read", 0);
     io_limits.iops[BLOCK_IO_LIMIT_WRITE] =
-                           qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "iops_wr", 0);
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.iops-write", 0);
 
     if (!do_check_io_limits(&io_limits, &error)) {
         error_report("%s", error_get_pretty(error));
@@ -658,7 +661,7 @@ DriveInfo *drive_init(QemuOpts *all_opts, BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
         abort();
     }
     if (!file || !*file) {
-        if (qdict_size(bs_opts)) {
+        if (has_driver_specific_opts) {
             file = NULL;
         } else {
             return dinfo;
@@ -684,7 +687,7 @@ DriveInfo *drive_init(QemuOpts *all_opts, BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
     } else if (ro == 1) {
         if (type != IF_SCSI && type != IF_VIRTIO && type != IF_FLOPPY &&
             type != IF_NONE && type != IF_PFLASH) {
-            error_report("readonly not supported by this bus type");
+            error_report("read-only not supported by this bus type");
             goto err;
         }
     }
@@ -692,16 +695,16 @@ DriveInfo *drive_init(QemuOpts *all_opts, BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
     bdrv_flags |= ro ? 0 : BDRV_O_RDWR;
 
     if (ro && copy_on_read) {
-        error_report("warning: disabling copy_on_read on readonly drive");
+        error_report("warning: disabling copy_on_read on read-only drive");
     }
 
-    ret = bdrv_open(dinfo->bdrv, file, bs_opts, bdrv_flags, drv);
-    bs_opts = NULL;
+    QINCREF(bs_opts);
+    ret = bdrv_open(dinfo->bdrv, file, bs_opts, bdrv_flags, NULL);
 
     if (ret < 0) {
         if (ret == -EMEDIUMTYPE) {
             error_report("could not open disk image %s: not in %s format",
-                         file ?: dinfo->id, drv->format_name);
+                         file ?: dinfo->id, qdict_get_str(bs_opts, "driver"));
         } else {
             error_report("could not open disk image %s: %s",
                          file ?: dinfo->id, strerror(-ret));
@@ -712,6 +715,7 @@ DriveInfo *drive_init(QemuOpts *all_opts, BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
     if (bdrv_key_required(dinfo->bdrv))
         autostart = 0;
 
+    QDECREF(bs_opts);
     qemu_opts_del(opts);
 
     return dinfo;
@@ -726,6 +730,60 @@ err:
     return NULL;
 }
 
+static void qemu_opt_rename(QemuOpts *opts, const char *from, const char *to)
+{
+    const char *value;
+
+    value = qemu_opt_get(opts, from);
+    if (value) {
+        qemu_opt_set(opts, to, value);
+        qemu_opt_unset(opts, from);
+    }
+}
+
+DriveInfo *drive_init(QemuOpts *all_opts, BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
+{
+    const char *value;
+
+    /* Change legacy command line options into QMP ones */
+    qemu_opt_rename(all_opts, "iops", "throttling.iops-total");
+    qemu_opt_rename(all_opts, "iops_rd", "throttling.iops-read");
+    qemu_opt_rename(all_opts, "iops_wr", "throttling.iops-write");
+
+    qemu_opt_rename(all_opts, "bps", "throttling.bps-total");
+    qemu_opt_rename(all_opts, "bps_rd", "throttling.bps-read");
+    qemu_opt_rename(all_opts, "bps_wr", "throttling.bps-write");
+
+    qemu_opt_rename(all_opts, "readonly", "read-only");
+
+    value = qemu_opt_get(all_opts, "cache");
+    if (value) {
+        int flags = 0;
+
+        if (bdrv_parse_cache_flags(value, &flags) != 0) {
+            error_report("invalid cache option");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        /* Specific options take precedence */
+        if (!qemu_opt_get(all_opts, "cache.writeback")) {
+            qemu_opt_set_bool(all_opts, "cache.writeback",
+                              !!(flags & BDRV_O_CACHE_WB));
+        }
+        if (!qemu_opt_get(all_opts, "cache.direct")) {
+            qemu_opt_set_bool(all_opts, "cache.direct",
+                              !!(flags & BDRV_O_NOCACHE));
+        }
+        if (!qemu_opt_get(all_opts, "cache.no-flush")) {
+            qemu_opt_set_bool(all_opts, "cache.no-flush",
+                              !!(flags & BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH));
+        }
+        qemu_opt_unset(all_opts, "cache");
+    }
+
+    return blockdev_init(all_opts, block_default_type);
+}
+
 void do_commit(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
 {
     const char *device = qdict_get_str(qdict, "device");
@@ -1431,16 +1489,13 @@ void qmp_drive_backup(const char *device, const char *target,
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs;
     BlockDriverState *target_bs;
+    BlockDriverState *source = NULL;
     BlockDriver *drv = NULL;
     Error *local_err = NULL;
     int flags;
     int64_t size;
     int ret;
 
-    if (sync != MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_FULL) {
-        error_setg(errp, "only sync mode 'full' is currently supported");
-        return;
-    }
     if (!has_speed) {
         speed = 0;
     }
@@ -1483,6 +1538,18 @@ void qmp_drive_backup(const char *device, const char *target,
 
     flags = bs->open_flags | BDRV_O_RDWR;
 
+    /* See if we have a backing HD we can use to create our new image
+     * on top of. */
+    if (sync == MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_TOP) {
+        source = bs->backing_hd;
+        if (!source) {
+            sync = MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_FULL;
+        }
+    }
+    if (sync == MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_NONE) {
+        source = bs;
+    }
+
     size = bdrv_getlength(bs);
     if (size < 0) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, -size, "bdrv_getlength failed");
@@ -1491,8 +1558,14 @@ void qmp_drive_backup(const char *device, const char *target,
 
     if (mode != NEW_IMAGE_MODE_EXISTING) {
         assert(format && drv);
-        bdrv_img_create(target, format,
-                        NULL, NULL, NULL, size, flags, &local_err, false);
+        if (source) {
+            bdrv_img_create(target, format, source->filename,
+                            source->drv->format_name, NULL,
+                            size, flags, &local_err, false);
+        } else {
+            bdrv_img_create(target, format, NULL, NULL, NULL,
+                            size, flags, &local_err, false);
+        }
     }
 
     if (error_is_set(&local_err)) {
@@ -1508,7 +1581,7 @@ void qmp_drive_backup(const char *device, const char *target,
         return;
     }
 
-    backup_start(bs, target_bs, speed, on_source_error, on_target_error,
+    backup_start(bs, target_bs, speed, sync, on_source_error, on_target_error,
                  block_job_cb, bs, &local_err);
     if (local_err != NULL) {
         bdrv_delete(target_bs);
@@ -1822,10 +1895,17 @@ QemuOptsList qemu_common_drive_opts = {
             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
             .help = "discard operation (ignore/off, unmap/on)",
         },{
-            .name = "cache",
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
-            .help = "host cache usage (none, writeback, writethrough, "
-                    "directsync, unsafe)",
+            .name = "cache.writeback",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
+            .help = "enables writeback mode for any caches",
+        },{
+            .name = "cache.direct",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
+            .help = "enables use of O_DIRECT (bypass the host page cache)",
+        },{
+            .name = "cache.no-flush",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
+            .help = "ignore any flush requests for the device",
         },{
             .name = "aio",
             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
@@ -1851,31 +1931,31 @@ QemuOptsList qemu_common_drive_opts = {
             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
             .help = "pci address (virtio only)",
         },{
-            .name = "readonly",
+            .name = "read-only",
             .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
             .help = "open drive file as read-only",
         },{
-            .name = "iops",
+            .name = "throttling.iops-total",
             .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
             .help = "limit total I/O operations per second",
         },{
-            .name = "iops_rd",
+            .name = "throttling.iops-read",
             .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
             .help = "limit read operations per second",
         },{
-            .name = "iops_wr",
+            .name = "throttling.iops-write",
             .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
             .help = "limit write operations per second",
         },{
-            .name = "bps",
+            .name = "throttling.bps-total",
             .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
             .help = "limit total bytes per second",
         },{
-            .name = "bps_rd",
+            .name = "throttling.bps-read",
             .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
             .help = "limit read bytes per second",
         },{
-            .name = "bps_wr",
+            .name = "throttling.bps-write",
             .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
             .help = "limit write bytes per second",
         },{
diff --git a/docs/qapi-code-gen.txt b/docs/qapi-code-gen.txt
index cccb11e562..0ce045c0b3 100644
--- a/docs/qapi-code-gen.txt
+++ b/docs/qapi-code-gen.txt
@@ -34,9 +34,15 @@ OrderedDicts so that ordering is preserved.
 There are two basic syntaxes used, type definitions and command definitions.
 
 The first syntax defines a type and is represented by a dictionary.  There are
-two kinds of types that are supported: complex user-defined types, and enums.
+three kinds of user-defined types that are supported: complex types,
+enumeration types and union types.
 
-A complex type is a dictionary containing a single key who's value is a
+Generally speaking, types definitions should always use CamelCase for the type
+names. Command names should be all lower case with words separated by a hyphen.
+
+=== Complex types ===
+
+A complex type is a dictionary containing a single key whose value is a
 dictionary.  This corresponds to a struct in C or an Object in JSON.  An
 example of a complex type is:
 
@@ -47,13 +53,104 @@ The use of '*' as a prefix to the name means the member is optional.  Optional
 members should always be added to the end of the dictionary to preserve
 backwards compatibility.
 
-An enumeration type is a dictionary containing a single key who's value is a
+=== Enumeration types ===
+
+An enumeration type is a dictionary containing a single key whose value is a
 list of strings.  An example enumeration is:
 
  { 'enum': 'MyEnum', 'data': [ 'value1', 'value2', 'value3' ] }
 
-Generally speaking, complex types and enums should always use CamelCase for
-the type names.
+=== Union types ===
+
+Union types are used to let the user choose between several different data
+types.  A union type is defined using a dictionary as explained in the
+following paragraphs.
+
+
+A simple union type defines a mapping from discriminator values to data types
+like in this example:
+
+ { 'type': 'FileOptions', 'data': { 'filename': 'str' } }
+ { 'type': 'Qcow2Options',
+   'data': { 'backing-file': 'str', 'lazy-refcounts': 'bool' } }
+
+ { 'union': 'BlockdevOptions',
+   'data': { 'file': 'FileOptions',
+             'qcow2': 'Qcow2Options' } }
+
+In the QMP wire format, a simple union is represented by a dictionary that
+contains the 'type' field as a discriminator, and a 'data' field that is of the
+specified data type corresponding to the discriminator value:
+
+ { "type": "qcow2", "data" : { "backing-file": "/some/place/my-image",
+                               "lazy-refcounts": true } }
+
+
+A union definition can specify a complex type as its base. In this case, the
+fields of the complex type are included as top-level fields of the union
+dictionary in the QMP wire format. An example definition is:
+
+ { 'type': 'BlockdevCommonOptions', 'data': { 'readonly': 'bool' } }
+ { 'union': 'BlockdevOptions',
+   'base': 'BlockdevCommonOptions',
+   'data': { 'raw': 'RawOptions',
+             'qcow2': 'Qcow2Options' } }
+
+And it looks like this on the wire:
+
+ { "type": "qcow2",
+   "readonly": false,
+   "data" : { "backing-file": "/some/place/my-image",
+              "lazy-refcounts": true } }
+
+
+Flat union types avoid the nesting on the wire. They are used whenever a
+specific field of the base type is declared as the discriminator ('type' is
+then no longer generated). The discriminator must always be a string field.
+The above example can then be modified as follows:
+
+ { 'type': 'BlockdevCommonOptions',
+   'data': { 'driver': 'str', 'readonly': 'bool' } }
+ { 'union': 'BlockdevOptions',
+   'base': 'BlockdevCommonOptions',
+   'discriminator': 'driver',
+   'data': { 'raw': 'RawOptions',
+             'qcow2': 'Qcow2Options' } }
+
+Resulting in this JSON object:
+
+ { "driver": "qcow2",
+   "readonly": false,
+   "backing-file": "/some/place/my-image",
+   "lazy-refcounts": true }
+
+
+A special type of unions are anonymous unions. They don't form a dictionary in
+the wire format but allow the direct use of different types in their place. As
+they aren't structured, they don't have any explicit discriminator but use
+the (QObject) data type of their value as an implicit discriminator. This means
+that they are restricted to using only one discriminator value per QObject
+type. For example, you cannot have two different complex types in an anonymous
+union, or two different integer types.
+
+Anonymous unions are declared using an empty dictionary as their discriminator.
+The discriminator values never appear on the wire, they are only used in the
+generated C code. Anonymous unions cannot have a base type.
+
+ { 'union': 'BlockRef',
+   'discriminator': {},
+   'data': { 'definition': 'BlockdevOptions',
+             'reference': 'str' } }
+
+This example allows using both of the following example objects:
+
+ { "file": "my_existing_block_device_id" }
+ { "file": { "driver": "file",
+             "readonly": false,
+             'filename': "/tmp/mydisk.qcow2" } }
+
+
+=== Commands ===
 
 Commands are defined by using a list containing three members.  The first
 member is the command name, the second member is a dictionary containing
@@ -65,8 +162,6 @@ An example command is:
    'data': { 'arg1': 'str', '*arg2': 'str' },
    'returns': 'str' }
 
-Command names should be all lower case with words separated by a hyphen.
-
 
 == Code generation ==
 
diff --git a/include/block/block_int.h b/include/block/block_int.h
index c6ac871e21..e45f2a0d56 100644
--- a/include/block/block_int.h
+++ b/include/block/block_int.h
@@ -404,6 +404,7 @@ void mirror_start(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *target,
  * @bs: Block device to operate on.
  * @target: Block device to write to.
  * @speed: The maximum speed, in bytes per second, or 0 for unlimited.
+ * @sync_mode: What parts of the disk image should be copied to the destination.
  * @on_source_error: The action to take upon error reading from the source.
  * @on_target_error: The action to take upon error writing to the target.
  * @cb: Completion function for the job.
@@ -413,7 +414,8 @@ void mirror_start(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *target,
  * until the job is cancelled or manually completed.
  */
 void backup_start(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *target,
-                  int64_t speed, BlockdevOnError on_source_error,
+                  int64_t speed, MirrorSyncMode sync_mode,
+                  BlockdevOnError on_source_error,
                   BlockdevOnError on_target_error,
                   BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque,
                   Error **errp);
diff --git a/include/qapi/qmp/qdict.h b/include/qapi/qmp/qdict.h
index 685b2e3fcb..d6855d112e 100644
--- a/include/qapi/qmp/qdict.h
+++ b/include/qapi/qmp/qdict.h
@@ -65,5 +65,6 @@ int qdict_get_try_bool(const QDict *qdict, const char *key, int def_value);
 const char *qdict_get_try_str(const QDict *qdict, const char *key);
 
 QDict *qdict_clone_shallow(const QDict *src);
+void qdict_flatten(QDict *qdict);
 
 #endif /* QDICT_H */
diff --git a/include/qapi/qmp/qobject.h b/include/qapi/qmp/qobject.h
index 9124649ed2..d0bbc7c4a6 100644
--- a/include/qapi/qmp/qobject.h
+++ b/include/qapi/qmp/qobject.h
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ typedef enum {
     QTYPE_QFLOAT,
     QTYPE_QBOOL,
     QTYPE_QERROR,
+    QTYPE_MAX,
 } qtype_code;
 
 struct QObject;
diff --git a/include/qapi/visitor-impl.h b/include/qapi/visitor-impl.h
index 5159964863..f3fa420245 100644
--- a/include/qapi/visitor-impl.h
+++ b/include/qapi/visitor-impl.h
@@ -22,12 +22,18 @@ struct Visitor
                          const char *name, size_t size, Error **errp);
     void (*end_struct)(Visitor *v, Error **errp);
 
+    void (*start_implicit_struct)(Visitor *v, void **obj, size_t size,
+                                  Error **errp);
+    void (*end_implicit_struct)(Visitor *v, Error **errp);
+
     void (*start_list)(Visitor *v, const char *name, Error **errp);
     GenericList *(*next_list)(Visitor *v, GenericList **list, Error **errp);
     void (*end_list)(Visitor *v, Error **errp);
 
     void (*type_enum)(Visitor *v, int *obj, const char *strings[],
                       const char *kind, const char *name, Error **errp);
+    void (*get_next_type)(Visitor *v, int *kind, const int *qobjects,
+                          const char *name, Error **errp);
 
     void (*type_int)(Visitor *v, int64_t *obj, const char *name, Error **errp);
     void (*type_bool)(Visitor *v, bool *obj, const char *name, Error **errp);
diff --git a/include/qapi/visitor.h b/include/qapi/visitor.h
index 28c21d8338..48a2a2edfd 100644
--- a/include/qapi/visitor.h
+++ b/include/qapi/visitor.h
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #ifndef QAPI_VISITOR_CORE_H
 #define QAPI_VISITOR_CORE_H
 
+#include "qapi/qmp/qobject.h"
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
@@ -33,12 +34,17 @@ void visit_end_handle(Visitor *v, Error **errp);
 void visit_start_struct(Visitor *v, void **obj, const char *kind,
                         const char *name, size_t size, Error **errp);
 void visit_end_struct(Visitor *v, Error **errp);
+void visit_start_implicit_struct(Visitor *v, void **obj, size_t size,
+                                 Error **errp);
+void visit_end_implicit_struct(Visitor *v, Error **errp);
 void visit_start_list(Visitor *v, const char *name, Error **errp);
 GenericList *visit_next_list(Visitor *v, GenericList **list, Error **errp);
 void visit_end_list(Visitor *v, Error **errp);
 void visit_start_optional(Visitor *v, bool *present, const char *name,
                           Error **errp);
 void visit_end_optional(Visitor *v, Error **errp);
+void visit_get_next_type(Visitor *v, int *obj, const int *qtypes,
+                         const char *name, Error **errp);
 void visit_type_enum(Visitor *v, int *obj, const char *strings[],
                      const char *kind, const char *name, Error **errp);
 void visit_type_int(Visitor *v, int64_t *obj, const char *name, Error **errp);
diff --git a/include/qemu/option.h b/include/qemu/option.h
index a83c700323..13f5e72a8e 100644
--- a/include/qemu/option.h
+++ b/include/qemu/option.h
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ bool qemu_opt_has_help_opt(QemuOpts *opts);
 bool qemu_opt_get_bool(QemuOpts *opts, const char *name, bool defval);
 uint64_t qemu_opt_get_number(QemuOpts *opts, const char *name, uint64_t defval);
 uint64_t qemu_opt_get_size(QemuOpts *opts, const char *name, uint64_t defval);
+int qemu_opt_unset(QemuOpts *opts, const char *name);
 int qemu_opt_set(QemuOpts *opts, const char *name, const char *value);
 void qemu_opt_set_err(QemuOpts *opts, const char *name, const char *value,
                       Error **errp);
diff --git a/qapi/qapi-visit-core.c b/qapi/qapi-visit-core.c
index 401ee6e597..d6a4012f78 100644
--- a/qapi/qapi-visit-core.c
+++ b/qapi/qapi-visit-core.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "qemu-common.h"
+#include "qapi/qmp/qobject.h"
 #include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
 #include "qapi/visitor.h"
 #include "qapi/visitor-impl.h"
@@ -45,6 +46,22 @@ void visit_end_struct(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
     v->end_struct(v, errp);
 }
 
+void visit_start_implicit_struct(Visitor *v, void **obj, size_t size,
+                                 Error **errp)
+{
+    if (!error_is_set(errp) && v->start_implicit_struct) {
+        v->start_implicit_struct(v, obj, size, errp);
+    }
+}
+
+void visit_end_implicit_struct(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
+{
+    assert(!error_is_set(errp));
+    if (v->end_implicit_struct) {
+        v->end_implicit_struct(v, errp);
+    }
+}
+
 void visit_start_list(Visitor *v, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
     if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
@@ -82,6 +99,14 @@ void visit_end_optional(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
     }
 }
 
+void visit_get_next_type(Visitor *v, int *obj, const int *qtypes,
+                         const char *name, Error **errp)
+{
+    if (!error_is_set(errp) && v->get_next_type) {
+        v->get_next_type(v, obj, qtypes, name, errp);
+    }
+}
+
 void visit_type_enum(Visitor *v, int *obj, const char *strings[],
                      const char *kind, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
diff --git a/qapi/qmp-input-visitor.c b/qapi/qmp-input-visitor.c
index 67fb127050..bf42c04ea6 100644
--- a/qapi/qmp-input-visitor.c
+++ b/qapi/qmp-input-visitor.c
@@ -41,13 +41,14 @@ static QmpInputVisitor *to_qiv(Visitor *v)
 }
 
 static QObject *qmp_input_get_object(QmpInputVisitor *qiv,
-                                     const char *name)
+                                     const char *name,
+                                     bool consume)
 {
     QObject *qobj = qiv->stack[qiv->nb_stack - 1].obj;
 
     if (qobj) {
         if (name && qobject_type(qobj) == QTYPE_QDICT) {
-            if (qiv->stack[qiv->nb_stack - 1].h) {
+            if (qiv->stack[qiv->nb_stack - 1].h && consume) {
                 g_hash_table_remove(qiv->stack[qiv->nb_stack - 1].h, name);
             }
             return qdict_get(qobject_to_qdict(qobj), name);
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ static void qmp_input_start_struct(Visitor *v, void **obj, const char *kind,
                                    const char *name, size_t size, Error **errp)
 {
     QmpInputVisitor *qiv = to_qiv(v);
-    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name);
+    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name, true);
     Error *err = NULL;
 
     if (!qobj || qobject_type(qobj) != QTYPE_QDICT) {
@@ -144,10 +145,22 @@ static void qmp_input_end_struct(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
     qmp_input_pop(qiv, errp);
 }
 
+static void qmp_input_start_implicit_struct(Visitor *v, void **obj,
+                                            size_t size, Error **errp)
+{
+    if (obj) {
+        *obj = g_malloc0(size);
+    }
+}
+
+static void qmp_input_end_implicit_struct(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
+{
+}
+
 static void qmp_input_start_list(Visitor *v, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
     QmpInputVisitor *qiv = to_qiv(v);
-    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name);
+    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name, true);
 
     if (!qobj || qobject_type(qobj) != QTYPE_QLIST) {
         error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_TYPE, name ? name : "null",
@@ -195,11 +208,24 @@ static void qmp_input_end_list(Visitor *v, Error **errp)
     qmp_input_pop(qiv, errp);
 }
 
+static void qmp_input_get_next_type(Visitor *v, int *kind, const int *qobjects,
+                                    const char *name, Error **errp)
+{
+    QmpInputVisitor *qiv = to_qiv(v);
+    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name, false);
+
+    if (!qobj) {
+        error_set(errp, QERR_MISSING_PARAMETER, name ? name : "null");
+        return;
+    }
+    *kind = qobjects[qobject_type(qobj)];
+}
+
 static void qmp_input_type_int(Visitor *v, int64_t *obj, const char *name,
                                Error **errp)
 {
     QmpInputVisitor *qiv = to_qiv(v);
-    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name);
+    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name, true);
 
     if (!qobj || qobject_type(qobj) != QTYPE_QINT) {
         error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_TYPE, name ? name : "null",
@@ -214,7 +240,7 @@ static void qmp_input_type_bool(Visitor *v, bool *obj, const char *name,
                                 Error **errp)
 {
     QmpInputVisitor *qiv = to_qiv(v);
-    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name);
+    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name, true);
 
     if (!qobj || qobject_type(qobj) != QTYPE_QBOOL) {
         error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_TYPE, name ? name : "null",
@@ -229,7 +255,7 @@ static void qmp_input_type_str(Visitor *v, char **obj, const char *name,
                                Error **errp)
 {
     QmpInputVisitor *qiv = to_qiv(v);
-    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name);
+    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name, true);
 
     if (!qobj || qobject_type(qobj) != QTYPE_QSTRING) {
         error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_TYPE, name ? name : "null",
@@ -244,7 +270,7 @@ static void qmp_input_type_number(Visitor *v, double *obj, const char *name,
                                   Error **errp)
 {
     QmpInputVisitor *qiv = to_qiv(v);
-    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name);
+    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name, true);
 
     if (!qobj || (qobject_type(qobj) != QTYPE_QFLOAT &&
         qobject_type(qobj) != QTYPE_QINT)) {
@@ -264,7 +290,7 @@ static void qmp_input_start_optional(Visitor *v, bool *present,
                                      const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
     QmpInputVisitor *qiv = to_qiv(v);
-    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name);
+    QObject *qobj = qmp_input_get_object(qiv, name, true);
 
     if (!qobj) {
         *present = false;
@@ -293,6 +319,8 @@ QmpInputVisitor *qmp_input_visitor_new(QObject *obj)
 
     v->visitor.start_struct = qmp_input_start_struct;
     v->visitor.end_struct = qmp_input_end_struct;
+    v->visitor.start_implicit_struct = qmp_input_start_implicit_struct;
+    v->visitor.end_implicit_struct = qmp_input_end_implicit_struct;
     v->visitor.start_list = qmp_input_start_list;
     v->visitor.next_list = qmp_input_next_list;
     v->visitor.end_list = qmp_input_end_list;
@@ -302,6 +330,7 @@ QmpInputVisitor *qmp_input_visitor_new(QObject *obj)
     v->visitor.type_str = qmp_input_type_str;
     v->visitor.type_number = qmp_input_type_number;
     v->visitor.start_optional = qmp_input_start_optional;
+    v->visitor.get_next_type = qmp_input_get_next_type;
 
     qmp_input_push(v, obj, NULL);
     qobject_incref(obj);
diff --git a/qmp-commands.hx b/qmp-commands.hx
index 65a9e26423..2e59b0d218 100644
--- a/qmp-commands.hx
+++ b/qmp-commands.hx
@@ -960,6 +960,7 @@ Arguments:
 
 Example:
 -> { "execute": "drive-backup", "arguments": { "device": "drive0",
+                                               "sync": "full",
                                                "target": "backup.img" } }
 <- { "return": {} }
 EQMP
diff --git a/qobject/qdict.c b/qobject/qdict.c
index ed381f9a50..472f106e27 100644
--- a/qobject/qdict.c
+++ b/qobject/qdict.c
@@ -476,3 +476,54 @@ static void qdict_destroy_obj(QObject *obj)
 
     g_free(qdict);
 }
+
+static void qdict_do_flatten(QDict *qdict, QDict *target, const char *prefix)
+{
+    QObject *value;
+    const QDictEntry *entry, *next;
+    const char *new_key;
+    bool delete;
+
+    entry = qdict_first(qdict);
+
+    while (entry != NULL) {
+
+        next = qdict_next(qdict, entry);
+        value = qdict_entry_value(entry);
+        new_key = NULL;
+        delete = false;
+
+        if (prefix) {
+            qobject_incref(value);
+            new_key = g_strdup_printf("%s.%s", prefix, entry->key);
+            qdict_put_obj(target, new_key, value);
+            delete = true;
+        }
+
+        if (qobject_type(value) == QTYPE_QDICT) {
+            qdict_do_flatten(qobject_to_qdict(value), target,
+                             new_key ? new_key : entry->key);
+            delete = true;
+        }
+
+        if (delete) {
+            qdict_del(qdict, entry->key);
+
+            /* Restart loop after modifying the iterated QDict */
+            entry = qdict_first(qdict);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        entry = next;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * qdict_flatten(): For each nested QDict with key x, all fields with key y
+ * are moved to this QDict and their key is renamed to "x.y". This operation
+ * is applied recursively for nested QDicts.
+ */
+void qdict_flatten(QDict *qdict)
+{
+    qdict_do_flatten(qdict, qdict, NULL);
+}
diff --git a/qobject/qjson.c b/qobject/qjson.c
index 19085a1bb7..6cf2511580 100644
--- a/qobject/qjson.c
+++ b/qobject/qjson.c
@@ -260,6 +260,8 @@ static void to_json(const QObject *obj, QString *str, int pretty, int indent)
         /* XXX: should QError be emitted? */
     case QTYPE_NONE:
         break;
+    case QTYPE_MAX:
+        abort();
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/scripts/qapi-types.py b/scripts/qapi-types.py
index ddcfed9f4b..5ee46ea1b3 100644
--- a/scripts/qapi-types.py
+++ b/scripts/qapi-types.py
@@ -150,7 +150,48 @@ typedef enum %(name)s
 
     return lookup_decl + enum_decl
 
-def generate_union(name, typeinfo):
+def generate_anon_union_qtypes(expr):
+
+    name = expr['union']
+    members = expr['data']
+
+    ret = mcgen('''
+const int %(name)s_qtypes[QTYPE_MAX] = {
+''',
+    name=name)
+
+    for key in members:
+        qapi_type = members[key]
+        if builtin_type_qtypes.has_key(qapi_type):
+            qtype = builtin_type_qtypes[qapi_type]
+        elif find_struct(qapi_type):
+            qtype = "QTYPE_QDICT"
+        elif find_union(qapi_type):
+            qtype = "QTYPE_QDICT"
+        else:
+            assert False, "Invalid anonymous union member"
+
+        ret += mcgen('''
+    [ %(qtype)s ] = %(abbrev)s_KIND_%(enum)s,
+''',
+        qtype = qtype,
+        abbrev = de_camel_case(name).upper(),
+        enum = c_fun(de_camel_case(key),False).upper())
+
+    ret += mcgen('''
+};
+''')
+    return ret
+
+
+def generate_union(expr):
+
+    name = expr['union']
+    typeinfo = expr['data']
+
+    base = expr.get('base')
+    discriminator = expr.get('discriminator')
+
     ret = mcgen('''
 struct %(name)s
 {
@@ -169,8 +210,26 @@ struct %(name)s
 
     ret += mcgen('''
     };
+''')
+
+    if base:
+        base_fields = find_struct(base)['data']
+        if discriminator:
+            base_fields = base_fields.copy()
+            del base_fields[discriminator]
+        ret += generate_struct_fields(base_fields)
+    else:
+        assert not discriminator
+
+    ret += mcgen('''
 };
 ''')
+    if discriminator == {}:
+        ret += mcgen('''
+extern const int %(name)s_qtypes[];
+''',
+            name=name)
+
 
     return ret
 
@@ -323,6 +382,8 @@ for expr in exprs:
         ret += generate_fwd_struct(expr['union'], expr['data']) + "\n"
         ret += generate_enum('%sKind' % expr['union'], expr['data'].keys())
         fdef.write(generate_enum_lookup('%sKind' % expr['union'], expr['data'].keys()))
+        if expr.get('discriminator') == {}:
+            fdef.write(generate_anon_union_qtypes(expr))
     else:
         continue
     fdecl.write(ret)
@@ -352,7 +413,7 @@ for expr in exprs:
         ret += generate_type_cleanup_decl(expr['type'])
         fdef.write(generate_type_cleanup(expr['type']) + "\n")
     elif expr.has_key('union'):
-        ret += generate_union(expr['union'], expr['data'])
+        ret += generate_union(expr)
         ret += generate_type_cleanup_decl(expr['union'] + "List")
         fdef.write(generate_type_cleanup(expr['union'] + "List") + "\n")
         ret += generate_type_cleanup_decl(expr['union'])
diff --git a/scripts/qapi-visit.py b/scripts/qapi-visit.py
index 6cac05acd5..597cca4b66 100644
--- a/scripts/qapi-visit.py
+++ b/scripts/qapi-visit.py
@@ -17,34 +17,31 @@ import os
 import getopt
 import errno
 
-def generate_visit_struct_body(field_prefix, name, members):
-    ret = mcgen('''
-if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
-''')
-    push_indent()
+def generate_visit_struct_fields(name, field_prefix, fn_prefix, members):
+    substructs = []
+    ret = ''
+    full_name = name if not fn_prefix else "%s_%s" % (name, fn_prefix)
 
-    if len(field_prefix):
-        field_prefix = field_prefix + "."
-        ret += mcgen('''
-Error **errp = &err; /* from outer scope */
-Error *err = NULL;
-visit_start_struct(m, NULL, "", "%(name)s", 0, &err);
-''',
-                name=name)
-    else:
-        ret += mcgen('''
-Error *err = NULL;
-visit_start_struct(m, (void **)obj, "%(name)s", name, sizeof(%(name)s), &err);
-''',
-                name=name)
+    for argname, argentry, optional, structured in parse_args(members):
+        if structured:
+            if not fn_prefix:
+                nested_fn_prefix = argname
+            else:
+                nested_fn_prefix = "%s_%s" % (fn_prefix, argname)
+
+            nested_field_prefix = "%s%s." % (field_prefix, argname)
+            ret += generate_visit_struct_fields(name, nested_field_prefix,
+                                                nested_fn_prefix, argentry)
 
     ret += mcgen('''
-if (!err) {
-    if (!obj || *obj) {
-''')
 
+static void visit_type_%(full_name)s_fields(Visitor *m, %(name)s ** obj, Error **errp)
+{
+    Error *err = NULL;
+''',
+        name=name, full_name=full_name)
     push_indent()
-    push_indent()
+
     for argname, argentry, optional, structured in parse_args(members):
         if optional:
             ret += mcgen('''
@@ -56,7 +53,7 @@ if (obj && (*obj)->%(prefix)shas_%(c_name)s) {
             push_indent()
 
         if structured:
-            ret += generate_visit_struct_body(field_prefix + argname, argname, argentry)
+            ret += generate_visit_struct_body(full_name, argname, argentry)
         else:
             ret += mcgen('''
 visit_type_%(type)s(m, obj ? &(*obj)->%(c_prefix)s%(c_name)s : NULL, "%(name)s", &err);
@@ -76,11 +73,43 @@ visit_end_optional(m, &err);
     ret += mcgen('''
 
     error_propagate(errp, err);
-    err = NULL;
 }
 ''')
+    return ret
+
+
+def generate_visit_struct_body(field_prefix, name, members):
+    ret = mcgen('''
+if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
+''')
+    push_indent()
+
+    full_name = name if not field_prefix else "%s_%s" % (field_prefix, name)
+
+    if len(field_prefix):
+        ret += mcgen('''
+Error **errp = &err; /* from outer scope */
+Error *err = NULL;
+visit_start_struct(m, NULL, "", "%(name)s", 0, &err);
+''',
+                name=name)
+    else:
+        ret += mcgen('''
+Error *err = NULL;
+visit_start_struct(m, (void **)obj, "%(name)s", name, sizeof(%(name)s), &err);
+''',
+                name=name)
+
+    ret += mcgen('''
+if (!err) {
+    if (!obj || *obj) {
+        visit_type_%(name)s_fields(m, obj, &err);
+        error_propagate(errp, err);
+        err = NULL;
+    }
+''',
+        name=full_name)
 
-    pop_indent()
     pop_indent()
     ret += mcgen('''
         /* Always call end_struct if start_struct succeeded.  */
@@ -92,7 +121,9 @@ visit_end_optional(m, &err);
     return ret
 
 def generate_visit_struct(name, members):
-    ret = mcgen('''
+    ret = generate_visit_struct_fields(name, "", "", members)
+
+    ret += mcgen('''
 
 void visit_type_%(name)s(Visitor *m, %(name)s ** obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
 {
@@ -145,9 +176,70 @@ void visit_type_%(name)s(Visitor *m, %(name)s * obj, const char *name, Error **e
 ''',
                  name=name)
 
-def generate_visit_union(name, members):
+def generate_visit_anon_union(name, members):
+    ret = mcgen('''
+
+void visit_type_%(name)s(Visitor *m, %(name)s ** obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
+{
+    Error *err = NULL;
+
+    if (!error_is_set(errp)) {
+        visit_start_implicit_struct(m, (void**) obj, sizeof(%(name)s), &err);
+        visit_get_next_type(m, (int*) &(*obj)->kind, %(name)s_qtypes, name, &err);
+        switch ((*obj)->kind) {
+''',
+    name=name)
+
+    for key in members:
+        assert (members[key] in builtin_types
+            or find_struct(members[key])
+            or find_union(members[key])), "Invalid anonymous union member"
+
+        ret += mcgen('''
+        case %(abbrev)s_KIND_%(enum)s:
+            visit_type_%(c_type)s(m, &(*obj)->%(c_name)s, name, &err);
+            break;
+''',
+                abbrev = de_camel_case(name).upper(),
+                enum = c_fun(de_camel_case(key),False).upper(),
+                c_type = type_name(members[key]),
+                c_name = c_fun(key))
+
+    ret += mcgen('''
+        default:
+            abort();
+        }
+        error_propagate(errp, err);
+        err = NULL;
+        visit_end_implicit_struct(m, &err);
+    }
+}
+''')
+
+    return ret
+
+
+def generate_visit_union(expr):
+
+    name = expr['union']
+    members = expr['data']
+
+    base = expr.get('base')
+    discriminator = expr.get('discriminator')
+
+    if discriminator == {}:
+        assert not base
+        return generate_visit_anon_union(name, members)
+
     ret = generate_visit_enum('%sKind' % name, members.keys())
 
+    if base:
+        base_fields = find_struct(base)['data']
+        if discriminator:
+            base_fields = base_fields.copy()
+            del base_fields[discriminator]
+        ret += generate_visit_struct_fields(name, "", "", base_fields)
+
     ret += mcgen('''
 
 void visit_type_%(name)s(Visitor *m, %(name)s ** obj, const char *name, Error **errp)
@@ -158,18 +250,43 @@ void visit_type_%(name)s(Visitor *m, %(name)s ** obj, const char *name, Error **
         visit_start_struct(m, (void **)obj, "%(name)s", name, sizeof(%(name)s), &err);
         if (!err) {
             if (obj && *obj) {
-                visit_type_%(name)sKind(m, &(*obj)->kind, "type", &err);
-                if (!err) {
-                    switch ((*obj)->kind) {
 ''',
                  name=name)
 
+
     push_indent()
     push_indent()
+    push_indent()
+
+    if base:
+        ret += mcgen('''
+    visit_type_%(name)s_fields(m, obj, &err);
+''',
+            name=name)
+
+    pop_indent()
+    ret += mcgen('''
+        visit_type_%(name)sKind(m, &(*obj)->kind, "%(type)s", &err);
+        if (!err) {
+            switch ((*obj)->kind) {
+''',
+                 name=name, type="type" if not discriminator else discriminator)
+
     for key in members:
+        if not discriminator:
+            fmt = 'visit_type_%(c_type)s(m, &(*obj)->%(c_name)s, "data", &err);'
+        else:
+            fmt = '''visit_start_implicit_struct(m, (void**) &(*obj)->%(c_name)s, sizeof(%(c_type)s), &err);
+                if (!err) {
+                    visit_type_%(c_type)s_fields(m, &(*obj)->%(c_name)s, &err);
+                    error_propagate(errp, err);
+                    err = NULL;
+                    visit_end_implicit_struct(m, &err);
+                }'''
+
         ret += mcgen('''
             case %(abbrev)s_KIND_%(enum)s:
-                visit_type_%(c_type)s(m, &(*obj)->%(c_name)s, "data", &err);
+                ''' + fmt + '''
                 break;
 ''',
                 abbrev = de_camel_case(name).upper(),
@@ -362,7 +479,7 @@ for expr in exprs:
         ret = generate_declaration(expr['type'], expr['data'])
         fdecl.write(ret)
     elif expr.has_key('union'):
-        ret = generate_visit_union(expr['union'], expr['data'])
+        ret = generate_visit_union(expr)
         ret += generate_visit_list(expr['union'], expr['data'])
         fdef.write(ret)
 
diff --git a/scripts/qapi.py b/scripts/qapi.py
index baf13213a9..38c808e256 100644
--- a/scripts/qapi.py
+++ b/scripts/qapi.py
@@ -17,6 +17,21 @@ builtin_types = [
     'uint8', 'uint16', 'uint32', 'uint64'
 ]
 
+builtin_type_qtypes = {
+    'str':      'QTYPE_QSTRING',
+    'int':      'QTYPE_QINT',
+    'number':   'QTYPE_QFLOAT',
+    'bool':     'QTYPE_QBOOL',
+    'int8':     'QTYPE_QINT',
+    'int16':    'QTYPE_QINT',
+    'int32':    'QTYPE_QINT',
+    'int64':    'QTYPE_QINT',
+    'uint8':    'QTYPE_QINT',
+    'uint16':   'QTYPE_QINT',
+    'uint32':   'QTYPE_QINT',
+    'uint64':   'QTYPE_QINT',
+}
+
 def tokenize(data):
     while len(data):
         ch = data[0]
@@ -105,6 +120,7 @@ def parse_schema(fp):
         if expr_eval.has_key('enum'):
             add_enum(expr_eval['enum'])
         elif expr_eval.has_key('union'):
+            add_union(expr_eval)
             add_enum('%sKind' % expr_eval['union'])
         elif expr_eval.has_key('type'):
             add_struct(expr_eval)
@@ -188,6 +204,7 @@ def type_name(name):
 
 enum_types = []
 struct_types = []
+union_types = []
 
 def add_struct(definition):
     global struct_types
@@ -200,6 +217,17 @@ def find_struct(name):
             return struct
     return None
 
+def add_union(definition):
+    global union_types
+    union_types.append(definition)
+
+def find_union(name):
+    global union_types
+    for union in union_types:
+        if union['union'] == name:
+            return union
+    return None
+
 def add_enum(name):
     global enum_types
     enum_types.append(name)
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/051 b/tests/qemu-iotests/051
index 1cf8bf79b6..1f39c6ad21 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/051
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/051
@@ -72,11 +72,11 @@ echo
 echo === Enable and disable lazy refcounting on the command line, plus some invalid values ===
 echo
 
-run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=on
-run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=off
-run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=
-run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=42
-run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=foo
+run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=on
+run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=off
+run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=
+run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=42
+run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=foo
 
 
 echo
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ echo
 
 _make_test_img -ocompat=0.10 $size
 
-run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=on
-run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=off
+run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=on
+run_qemu -drive file=$TEST_IMG,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=off
 
 echo
 echo === No medium ===
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/051.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/051.out
index 95ff245f40..9588d0c977 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/051.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/051.out
@@ -22,35 +22,35 @@ QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,unknown_opt=foo: could not
 
 === Enable and disable lazy refcounting on the command line, plus some invalid values ===
 
-Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=on
+Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=on
 QEMU 1.5.50 monitor - type 'help' for more information

 (qemu) qququiquit

 
-Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=off
+Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=off
 QEMU 1.5.50 monitor - type 'help' for more information

 (qemu) qququiquit

 
-Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=
-QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=: Parameter 'lazy_refcounts' expects 'on' or 'off'
-QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=: could not open disk image TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: Invalid argument
+Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=
+QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=: Parameter 'lazy-refcounts' expects 'on' or 'off'
+QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=: could not open disk image TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: Invalid argument
 
-Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=42
-QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=42: Parameter 'lazy_refcounts' expects 'on' or 'off'
-QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=42: could not open disk image TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: Invalid argument
+Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=42
+QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=42: Parameter 'lazy-refcounts' expects 'on' or 'off'
+QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=42: could not open disk image TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: Invalid argument
 
-Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=foo
-QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=foo: Parameter 'lazy_refcounts' expects 'on' or 'off'
-QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=foo: could not open disk image TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: Invalid argument
+Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=foo
+QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=foo: Parameter 'lazy-refcounts' expects 'on' or 'off'
+QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=foo: could not open disk image TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: Invalid argument
 
 
 === With version 2 images enabling lazy refcounts must fail ===
 
 Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 
-Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=on
-QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=on: Lazy refcounts require a qcow2 image with at least qemu 1.1 compatibility level
-QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=on: could not open disk image TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: Invalid argument
+Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=on
+QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=on: Lazy refcounts require a qcow2 image with at least qemu 1.1 compatibility level
+QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=on: could not open disk image TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: Invalid argument
 
-Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy_refcounts=off
+Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,format=qcow2,lazy-refcounts=off
 QEMU 1.5.50 monitor - type 'help' for more information

 (qemu) qququiquit

 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ QEMU 1.5.50 monitor - type 'help' for more information
 (qemu) qququiquit

 
 Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,if=ide,readonly=on
-QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,if=ide,readonly=on: readonly not supported by this bus type
+QEMU_PROG: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,if=ide,readonly=on: read-only not supported by this bus type
 
 Testing: -drive file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,if=virtio,readonly=on
 QEMU 1.5.50 monitor - type 'help' for more information

diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/055 b/tests/qemu-iotests/055
index c66f8dbd7d..44bb025687 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/055
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/055
@@ -97,6 +97,12 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                              target=target_img, sync='full', mode='existing')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/class', 'GenericError')
 
+    def test_invalid_format(self):
+        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-backup', device='drive0',
+                             target=target_img, sync='full',
+                             format='spaghetti-noodles')
+        self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/class', 'GenericError')
+
     def test_device_not_found(self):
         result = self.vm.qmp('drive-backup', device='nonexistent',
                              target=target_img, sync='full')
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/055.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/055.out
index fa16b5ccef..6323079e08 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/055.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/055.out
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-.............
+..............
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-Ran 13 tests
+Ran 14 tests
 
 OK
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/056 b/tests/qemu-iotests/056
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..63893423cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/056
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+#
+# Tests for drive-backup
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013 Red Hat, Inc.
+#
+# Based on 041.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#
+
+import time
+import os
+import iotests
+from iotests import qemu_img, qemu_io, create_image
+
+backing_img = os.path.join(iotests.test_dir, 'backing.img')
+test_img = os.path.join(iotests.test_dir, 'test.img')
+target_img = os.path.join(iotests.test_dir, 'target.img')
+
+class TestSyncModesNoneAndTop(iotests.QMPTestCase):
+    image_len = 64 * 1024 * 1024 # MB
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        create_image(backing_img, TestSyncModesNoneAndTop.image_len)
+        qemu_img('create', '-f', iotests.imgfmt, '-o', 'backing_file=%s' % backing_img, test_img)
+        qemu_io('-c', 'write -P0x41 0 512', test_img)
+        qemu_io('-c', 'write -P0xd5 1M 32k', test_img)
+        qemu_io('-c', 'write -P0xdc 32M 124k', test_img)
+        qemu_io('-c', 'write -P0xdc 67043328 64k', test_img)
+        self.vm = iotests.VM().add_drive(test_img)
+        self.vm.launch()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.vm.shutdown()
+        os.remove(test_img)
+        os.remove(backing_img)
+        try:
+            os.remove(target_img)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+    def test_complete_top(self):
+        self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
+        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-backup', device='drive0', sync='top',
+                             format=iotests.imgfmt, target=target_img)
+        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+
+        # Custom completed check as we are not copying all data.
+        completed = False
+        while not completed:
+            for event in self.vm.get_qmp_events(wait=True):
+                if event['event'] == 'BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED':
+                    self.assert_qmp(event, 'data/device', 'drive0')
+                    self.assert_qmp_absent(event, 'data/error')
+                    completed = True
+
+        self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
+        self.vm.shutdown()
+        self.assertTrue(iotests.compare_images(test_img, target_img),
+                        'target image does not match source after backup')
+
+    def test_cancel_sync_none(self):
+        self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
+
+        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-backup', device='drive0',
+                             sync='none', target=target_img)
+        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        time.sleep(1)
+        self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('drive0', 'write -P0x5e 0 512')
+        self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('drive0', 'aio_flush')
+        # Verify that the original contents exist in the target image.
+
+        event = self.cancel_and_wait()
+        self.assert_qmp(event, 'data/type', 'backup')
+
+        self.vm.shutdown()
+        time.sleep(1)
+        self.assertEqual(-1, qemu_io('-c', 'read -P0x41 0 512', target_img).find("verification failed"))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    iotests.main(supported_fmts=['qcow2', 'qed'])
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/056.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/056.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fbc63e62f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/056.out
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+..
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Ran 2 tests
+
+OK
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/group b/tests/qemu-iotests/group
index fdc6ed14ca..b1d03c76a4 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/group
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/group
@@ -62,3 +62,4 @@
 053 rw auto
 054 rw auto
 055 rw auto
+056 rw auto backing
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py b/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py
index b028a890e6..33ad0ecb92 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py
@@ -95,6 +95,11 @@ class VM(object):
         self._num_drives += 1
         return self
 
+    def hmp_qemu_io(self, drive, cmd):
+        '''Write to a given drive using an HMP command'''
+        return self.qmp('human-monitor-command',
+                        command_line='qemu-io %s "%s"' % (drive, cmd))
+
     def add_fd(self, fd, fdset, opaque, opts=''):
         '''Pass a file descriptor to the VM'''
         options = ['fd=%d' % fd,
diff --git a/util/qemu-option.c b/util/qemu-option.c
index e0ef426daa..5d686c805f 100644
--- a/util/qemu-option.c
+++ b/util/qemu-option.c
@@ -593,6 +593,20 @@ static const QemuOptDesc *find_desc_by_name(const QemuOptDesc *desc,
     return NULL;
 }
 
+int qemu_opt_unset(QemuOpts *opts, const char *name)
+{
+    QemuOpt *opt = qemu_opt_find(opts, name);
+
+    assert(opts_accepts_any(opts));
+
+    if (opt == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    } else {
+        qemu_opt_del(opt);
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
 static void opt_set(QemuOpts *opts, const char *name, const char *value,
                     bool prepend, Error **errp)
 {