path: root/src/Terrain.java

import java.awt.Color;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.ByteOrder;
import java.util.Random;
import javax.media.opengl.GL;
import javax.media.opengl.GL2;
import static javax.media.opengl.GL2.*;
import robotrace.Vector;

/**
 * Implementation of the terrain.
 */
class Terrain extends BetterBase {

    /**
     * The display list containing the terrain.
     */
    private int terrainDisplayList;
    /**
     * The array containing the height map of the terrain.
     */
    private float[][] heightMap;
    /**
     * The array containing all vertex normals of the terrain.
     */
    private Vector[][] normalMap;
    /**
     * The value determining the alpha value of the water plane.
     */
    private float waterAlpha;
    private final RobotRace race;
    /*
     * The array containing all trees of the terrain.
     */
    private Tree[] terrainTrees;

    /**
     * Can be used to set up a display list.
     */
    public Terrain(RobotRace race) {
        // Setup terrain variables
        this.race = race;
        this.terrainDisplayList = 0;
        this.heightMap = new float[41][41];
        this.normalMap = new Vector[41][41];
        this.waterAlpha = 0.30f;
        this.terrainTrees = new Tree[10];

        // Fill the height map array
        for (int y = 0; y < 41; y++) {
            for (int x = 0; x < 41; x++) {
                heightMap[x][y] = heightAt(x, y);
            }
        }

        // Fill the array containing the normal vectors for drawing triangles
        for (int y = 0; y < 41; y++) {
            for (int x = 0; x < 41; x++) {
                normalMap[x][y] = calculateNormal(x, y);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Used to generate a new tree position.
     *
     * @return Vector containing random (x,y) position
     */
    private Vector getRandomPosition() {
        Random r = new Random();
        float x = r.nextFloat() * 36 - 18;
        float y = r.nextFloat() * 36 - 18;
        return new Vector(x, y, heightAt((float) x + 20, (float) y + 20));
    }

    /**
     * Checks whether the given position including the specified marge is free,
     * so a tree can placed.
     *
     * @param position Tree position
     * @param marge Marge to check
     * @return
     */
    private boolean checkPositionFree(Vector position, float marge) {
        for (Tree tree : terrainTrees) {
            float x = (float)position.x();
            float y = (float)position.y();
            float z = (float)position.z();
            
            if (tree != null) {
                if (Math.abs(tree.getPosition().x() - x) < marge) {
                    return false;
                }
                if (Math.abs(tree.getPosition().y() - y) < marge) {
                    return false;
                }
                
                // No trees allowed in water
                if (z <= 0) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Create the terrain and store all calls in a display list
     * terrainDisplayList, so drawing the terrain is more efficient.
     */
    public void createTerrain() {
        // Create display list
        this.terrainDisplayList = gl.glGenLists(1);

        // Initialize list
        gl.glNewList(terrainDisplayList, GL2.GL_COMPILE);

        // Set up texture mode
        gl.glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
        gl.glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_1D);
        Color[] textureColors = new Color[3];

        // Set the colors for the texture (blue at the bottom, grass at top)
        textureColors[0] = new Color(28, 107, 220);   // Water
        textureColors[2] = new Color(1, 166, 17);     // Grass
        textureColors[1] = new Color(235, 220, 75);   // Sand

        // Create the 1D texture
        int colorTextureID = create1DTexture(gl, textureColors);

        // Setting up texture 
        gl.glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_1D, colorTextureID);

        // Create all points of the terrain based on the heightAt function
        for (int y = -20; y < 20; y++) {
            gl.glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP);

            for (int x = -20; x < 20; x++) {
                // Normalize values for use with the arrays
                int arrayX = x + 20;
                int arrayY = y + 20;

                // Create all vertices               
                Vector pointA = new Vector(x, y, heightMap[arrayX][arrayY]);
                Vector pointB = new Vector(x + 1, y, heightMap[arrayX + 1][arrayY]);
                Vector pointC = new Vector(x, y + 1, heightMap[arrayX][arrayY + 1]);
                Vector pointD = new Vector(x + 1, y + 1, heightMap[arrayX + 1][arrayY + 1]);

                /**
                 * First set the texture coordinate based on the height of the
                 * vertex, then set the normal based on the vertex (per-vertex)
                 * and finally draw the vertex itself.
                 */
                gl.glTexCoord1f(getTextureCoordinate((float) pointA.z()));
                glNormal(normalMap[arrayX][arrayY]);
                glVertex(pointA);
                gl.glTexCoord1f(getTextureCoordinate((float) pointB.z()));
                glNormal(normalMap[arrayX + 1][arrayY]);
                glVertex(pointB);
                gl.glTexCoord1f(getTextureCoordinate((float) pointC.z()));
                glNormal(normalMap[arrayX][arrayY + 1]);
                glVertex(pointC);
                gl.glTexCoord1f(getTextureCoordinate((float) pointD.z()));
                glNormal(normalMap[arrayX + 1][arrayY + 1]);
                glVertex(pointD);
            }

            gl.glEnd();
        }

        // Add water to the terrain at z = 0
        gl.glBegin(GL_QUADS);

        // Create water plane vectors
        Vector pointA = new Vector(-20, -20, 0);
        Vector pointB = new Vector(-20, 20, 0);
        Vector pointC = new Vector(20, 20, 0);
        Vector pointD = new Vector(20, -20, 0);

        // Set grey color and transparant alpha value
        gl.glColor4f(100f, 100f, 100f, waterAlpha);

        // Draw vertices
        glVertex(pointA);
        glVertex(pointB);
        glVertex(pointC);
        glVertex(pointD);

        gl.glEnd();

        // Set texture modes
        gl.glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_1D);
        gl.glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

        /**
         * End the list, everything in the list can be easily drawed by using
         * this display list. This is more efficient then just drawing
         * everything every time.
         */
        gl.glEndList();

        // Initialize all trees
        fillTreeArray();
        createTrees();

        System.out.println("Terrain created");
    }
    
    /**
     * Fills the array with new valid trees.
     */
    private void fillTreeArray() {
        // Fill the tree array with new trees for the terrain
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            Vector treePosition;

            // Generate a new position until one is found
            do {
                treePosition = getRandomPosition();
            } while (!checkPositionFree(treePosition, 1f));


            // The location is free, create scale and variation variable
            Random r = new Random();
            int variation = r.nextInt(2); // 0 (inclusive) and 2 (exclusive)
            float scale = r.nextFloat() * 1.5f; // 0 - 1.5
            
            terrainTrees[i] = new Tree(this, treePosition,
                    scale, variation);
            System.out.println(i);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates (initializes) all trees stored in the terrainTrees arrays.
     */
    private void createTrees() {
        for (Tree tree : terrainTrees) {
            tree.createTree();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Determines the texture coordinate based on the height of a vertice so the
     * 1D textures can be displayed correctly.
     *
     * Add 1 to the height and divide by two (now we have [0-1] interval). Now
     * multiply by 0.8 so we have [0-0.76] and add 0.10 so we end up with [0.10
     * - 0.86] for the correct texture display.
     *
     * @param height
     * @return 1D texture coordinate
     */
    private float getTextureCoordinate(float height) {
        return (((height + 1) / 2) * 0.76f) + 0.10f;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a normal vector based on two input vectors.
     *
     * @param x Vector 1
     * @param y Vector 2
     * @return
     */
    private Vector calculateNormal(int x, int y) {
        // Create three vectors (points) based on initial x and y (neighbors)
        Vector v0 = new Vector(x, y, heightMap[x][y]);
        Vector v1 = new Vector(x + 1, y, heightMap[x < 40 ? x + 1 : x][y]);
        Vector v2 = new Vector(x, y + 1, heightMap[x][y < 40 ? y + 1 : y]);

        // Create two vectors pointing from (x,y) to the other two 'points'
        Vector a = v2.subtract(v0);
        Vector b = v1.subtract(v0);

        // Cross product of these two vectors is the normal
        Vector normal = a.cross(b);

        // Invert the direction of the normal so it is pointing outwards and normalize it
        return normal.scale(-1).normalized();
    }

    /**
     * Draws the terrain.
     */
    public void draw() {
        gl.glCallList(terrainDisplayList);
        drawTrees();
    }
    
    /**
     * Draw all the trees stored in the terrainTrees array on the terrain.
     */
    private void drawTrees() {
        for(Tree tree : terrainTrees) {
            tree.drawTree();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Computes the elevation of the terrain at ({@code x}, {@code y}).
     */
    public final float heightAt(float x, float y) {
        float height = (float) (0.6f * Math.cos(0.3f * x + 0.2f * y) + 0.4f
                * Math.cos(x - 0.5f * y));

        return height;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new 1D - texture.
     *
     * @param gl
     * @param colors
     * @return the texture ID for the generated texture.
     */
    public int create1DTexture(GL2 gl, Color[] colors) {
        int[] texid = new int[]{-1};
        gl.glGenTextures(1, texid, 0);
        ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(colors.length * 4).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
        for (Color color : colors) {
            int pixel = color.getRGB();
            bb.put((byte) ((pixel >> 16) & 0xFF)); // Red component
            bb.put((byte) ((pixel >> 8) & 0xFF));  // Green component
            bb.put((byte) (pixel & 0xFF));         // Blue component
            bb.put((byte) ((pixel >> 24) & 0xFF)); // Alpha component
        }
        bb.flip();
        gl.glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_1D, texid[0]);
        gl.glTexImage1D(GL_TEXTURE_1D, 0, GL_RGBA8, colors.length, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, bb);
        gl.glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_1D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
        gl.glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_1D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
        gl.glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_1D, 0);
        return texid[0];
    }
}